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Flashcards

Small on purpose: definitions in the exact wording, the equations that are not on the AQA data sheet, and the misconceptions that lose marks, one fact to a card. Longer exam-style questions live under Practise. Grade yourself and the deck reschedules each card at staged intervals, from the next day out to three weeks: a right answer steps the card further away, a miss brings it back to the start.

Progress lives in this browser, on this device, unless you sign in, just like the revision checklist. Prefer them offline? The Anki decks and printable packs carry the same cards.

What is in the collection

Every card, by unit, each one linking to the lesson that teaches it. Open a unit to see what it covers.

795 cards

MeasurementsYear 1235 cards

State the SI base quantitiesRecall
State the SI base unitsRecall
State the value of the prefix centiRecall
State the conversion between electronvolts and joulesRecall
State the conversion between kilowatt hours and joulesRecall
Explain how to convert a squared unit that carries a prefixRecall
Homogeneous equationDefine
State how to check an equation for homogeneityRecall
Explain what a failed homogeneity check proves, and what a passed one does notRecall
State the convention for labelling a table column or a graph axisRecall
State the SI base quantity whose base unit is the moleRecall
SI units and prefixesSpot the error
AccuracyDefine
PrecisionDefine
Explain how precision and accuracy differRecall
RepeatabilityDefine
ReproducibilityDefine
ResolutionDefine
UncertaintyDefine
Random errorDefine
Explain how random error is reducedRecall
Systematic errorDefine
Explain why repeating readings does not reduce a systematic errorRecall
State how to combine uncertainties when adding or subtractingRecall
State how to combine uncertainties when multiplying or dividingRecall
State how to find the uncertainty of a quantity raised to a power nRecall
State how to find the uncertainty of a mean from repeated readingsRecall
Percentage uncertaintyEquation
Uncertainty and errorSpot the error
Order of magnitudeDefine
State where the crossover between adjacent orders of magnitude fallsRecall
State what "differ by n orders of magnitude" meansRecall
State the benchmark density of waterRecall
State the benchmark density of airRecall
Estimation and orders of magnitudeSpot the error

MechanicsYear 1282 cards

ScalarDefine
VectorDefine
Explain how to add two perpendicular vectorsRecall
State the components of a vector F at angle θ to an axisRecall
State the condition for equilibrium of coplanar forces at a pointRecall
State the weight components on a slope at angle θRecall
Explain how to subtract one vector from anotherRecall
State how to find a change in a vector quantityRecall
Scalars and vectorsSpot the error
Moment of a forceDefine
CoupleDefine
Centre of massDefine
State the unit of the moment of a forceRecall
Principle of momentsDefine
Moment of a coupleDefine
State where the centre of mass of a uniform regular solid liesRecall
Centre of gravityDefine
Describe how to find the centre of gravity of an irregular laminaDefine
Explain why a suspended body hangs with its centre of gravity below the pivotRecall
Moments and equilibriumSpot the error
State what the gradient of a displacement-time graph representsRecall
State what the gradient of a velocity-time graph representsRecall
State what the area under a velocity-time graph representsRecall
State what the area under an acceleration-time graph representsRecall
State how the four constant-acceleration equations are derivedRecall
Explain where the constant-acceleration condition enters the SUVAT derivationRecall
Motion graphs and the SUVAT equationsSpot the error
State the velocity of a projectile at the top of its arcRecall
State the quantity shared by the two motions of a projectileRecall
State the effect of air resistance on a projectileRecall
Projectile motionSpot the error
Newton's first lawDefine
Newton's second lawDefine
Newton's third lawDefine
Resultant forceDefine
Newton's laws and the resultant forceSpot the error
MassDefine
State the unit of massRecall
State whether mass changes with locationRecall
WeightDefine
State the unit of weightRecall
Gravitational field strength gDefine
State what a balance measuresRecall
State what a newton meter measuresRecall
Weight from massEquation
Mass and weightSpot the error
DragDefine
State how drag depends on speedRecall
Terminal speedDefine
LiftDefine
FrictionDefine
State the condition at a vehicle's maximum speedRecall
State the initial gradient of the velocity-time graph for an object dropped from restRecall
Drag and terminal speedSpot the error
MomentumDefine
ImpulseDefine
State the relationship between impulse and momentum changeRecall
Elastic collisionDefine
State the unit of momentumRecall
Inelastic collisionDefine
State what the area under a force-time graph representsRecall
Explain why crumple zones reduce injuryRecall
State the kinetic energy of a particle in terms of its momentumRecall
Explain how conservation of momentum is applied in two dimensionsRecall
MomentumEquation
Momentum and impulseSpot the error
WorkDefine
PowerDefine
State the unit of powerRecall
EfficiencyDefine
State what the area under a force-displacement graph representsRecall
State the work done by a force perpendicular to the motionRecall
State how P = Fv is derived from W = FsRecall
Work, energy and powerSpot the error
Principle of conservation of energyDefine
Kinetic energyDefine
State how to find the change in gravitational potential energyRecall
State the effect on kinetic energy of doubling the speedRecall
State the energy budget when resistive forces actRecall
State how the gravitational potential energy formula is derivedRecall
State how the kinetic energy formula is derivedRecall
Conservation of energySpot the error

MaterialsYear 1234 cards

DensityDefine
State the unit of densityRecall
Hooke's lawDefine
Limit of proportionalityDefine
Elastic limitDefine
Explain how to convert a density in grams per cubic centimetreRecall
State the unit of the spring constantRecall
State how to find the energy stored from a force-extension graphRecall
Explain how to read the permanent extension from a force-extension graphRecall
Density and Hooke's lawSpot the error
Tensile stressDefine
State the unit of tensile stressRecall
Tensile strainDefine
Young modulusDefine
Breaking stressDefine
Ductile materialDefine
Brittle materialDefine
State how to find the Young modulus from a stress-strain graphRecall
Explain why a Young modulus test wire is long and thinRecall
Polymeric materialDefine
Hysteresis loopDefine
Explain why rubber is elastic but does not obey Hooke's lawRecall
Stress, strain and the Young modulusSpot the error
UpthrustDefine
ViscosityDefine
State how the viscosity of a liquid changes with temperatureRecall
State the condition for floatingRecall
State the condition for terminal velocity of a falling sphereRecall
Laminar flowDefine
State the conditions for Stokes' law to applyRecall
PressureDefine
State how the pressure at a point in a fluid depends on directionRecall
Derive the equation for hydrostatic pressureDefine
Fluids: pressure, upthrust and viscositySpot the error

WavesYear 1281 cards

AmplitudeDefine
WavelengthDefine
FrequencyDefine
State the unit of frequencyRecall
Phase differenceDefine
Period of a waveDefine
State what a progressive wave transfersRecall
State what the time-base of an oscilloscope setsRecall
State what the y-gain of an oscilloscope setsRecall
State the quantity read from the repeat of a displacement-distance graphRecall
State the quantity read from the repeat of a displacement-time graphRecall
Phase difference from path difference dEquation
Progressive wavesSpot the error
Transverse waveDefine
Longitudinal waveDefine
Polarised waveDefine
State the evidence that light is a transverse waveRecall
State the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuumRecall
State the wavelength range of visible lightRecall
State the best orientation of a receiving aerialRecall
State where a compression lies on a displacement-distance graph of a longitudinal waveRecall
Longitudinal, transverse and polarisationSpot the error
NodeDefine
AntinodeDefine
Stationary waveDefine
State what happens to energy in a stationary waveRecall
State the distance between adjacent nodesRecall
State the phase of points between one pair of adjacent nodesRecall
State what a closed end and an open end of a pipe must beRecall
State the first-harmonic wavelength of a tube closed at one endRecall
State which harmonics a tube closed at one end can soundRecall
State how the wavelength is found in the resonance-tube experimentRecall
State the phase difference across a nodeRecall
State what μ means in the first-harmonic equationRecall
State the speed of a transverse wave on a stretched stringRecall
Harmonic wavelengths on a string of length LEquation
Stationary wavesSpot the error
Refractive indexDefine
Critical angleDefine
State the condition for total internal reflectionRecall
Step-index optical fibreDefine
State the quantity unchanged when light enters a new mediumRecall
State the equation for the critical angleRecall
Modal dispersionDefine
Material dispersionDefine
State how the refractive index of a solid is measured from a graphRecall
Refraction and total internal reflectionSpot the error
DiffractionDefine
State the condition for greatest diffractionRecall
State the width of the central maximum in the single-slit patternRecall
State the effect of narrowing the slit on the single-slit patternRecall
State the colour order in the white-light single-slit side fringesRecall
Huygens' constructionDefine
Explain diffraction at a slit using Huygens' constructionRecall
Diffraction and the single slitSpot the error
Coherent sourcesDefine
Path differenceDefine
SuperpositionDefine
State the appearance of double-slit fringes with monochromatic lightRecall
State the colour of the central fringe of the white-light double-slit patternRecall
State the safe practice for using a classroom laserRecall
Constructive interference conditionEquation
Destructive interference conditionEquation
Interference and Young's double slitSpot the error
Diffraction gratingDefine
The order n of a grating maximumDefine
State the highest order a grating can produceRecall
State the main use of a diffraction gratingRecall
Grating spacing from N lines per metreEquation
Diffraction gratingsSpot the error
Principal focusDefine
Power of a lensDefine
State the sign convention for lens powerRecall
State how the powers of thin lenses in contact combineRecall
Real imageDefine
Virtual imageDefine
Focal length of a lensDefine
State the unit of magnificationRecall
State the sign convention for image distanceRecall
State what happens to a ray through the centre of a thin lensRecall
Lenses and imagesSpot the error

Quantum phenomenaYear 1229 cards

Work functionDefine
Threshold frequencyDefine
State the relationship between threshold frequency and work functionRecall
PhotonDefine
State the photoelectric equationRecall
Stopping potentialDefine
State what the gradient of the maximum kinetic energy against frequency graph givesRecall
State the effect of greater intensity at fixed frequencyRecall
The photoelectric effectSpot the error
The electronvoltDefine
State the value of one electronvoltRecall
ExcitationDefine
IonisationDefine
Ionisation energyDefine
Explain what happens in a collision offering less than the first excitation energyRecall
State the role of the phosphor coating in a fluorescent tubeRecall
Collisions of electrons with atomsSpot the error
Ground stateDefine
State the photon emission equationRecall
Explain why energy levels are negativeRecall
Explain why line spectra show that energy levels are discreteRecall
State which transition gives the longest wavelengthRecall
Energy levels and photon emissionSpot the error
De Broglie wavelengthDefine
State the evidence that particles have wave propertiesRecall
State the evidence that light has particle propertiesRecall
State the condition for significant diffraction of a particle beamRecall
State the effect of faster electrons on a diffraction patternRecall
Wave-particle dualitySpot the error

ParticlesYear 1252 cards

IsotopesDefine
Specific chargeDefine
Nucleon number ADefine
Proton number ZDefine
State the relative mass of the electronRecall
State the specific charge of the neutronRecall
Specific chargeEquation
Constituents of the atomSpot the error
State the range of the strong nuclear forceRecall
State the effect of alpha decay on A and ZRecall
State the effect of beta-minus decay on A and ZRecall
State the evidence that led to the neutrino hypothesisRecall
Stable and unstable nucleiSpot the error
AnnihilationDefine
Explain why annihilation gives two photonsRecall
Pair productionDefine
State the role of the nucleus in pair productionRecall
Explain how a particle and its antiparticle compareRecall
State the minimum photon energy for electron-positron pair productionRecall
State what a mass of 1 MeV/c² meansRecall
State how to convert a mass in MeV/c² into kilogramsRecall
Antimatter and photonsSpot the error
The weak interactionDefine
State the exchange particles of the weak interactionRecall
State the four fundamental interactionsRecall
State the exchange particle of the electromagnetic interactionRecall
State the neutrino emitted in beta-minus decayRecall
Explain why the weak interaction has a very short rangeRecall
Particle interactions and exchange particlesSpot the error
HadronsDefine
BaryonDefine
MesonDefine
LeptonsDefine
State the members of the lepton familyRecall
State the only stable free baryonRecall
State the exchange particle of the strong force between nucleonsRecall
Explain how strange particles are produced and decayRecall
Classification of particlesSpot the error
State the quark composition of the protonRecall
State the quark composition of the neutronRecall
State the six flavours of quark and their chargesRecall
Explain neutron decay at quark levelRecall
Explain kaon decay at quark levelRecall
Quarks and antiquarksSpot the error
State the quantities conserved in every particle interactionRecall
State the strangeness conservation ruleRecall
State the quark change in beta-plus decayRecall
Explain why a free proton cannot decayRecall
Explain why a neutral particle leaves no track in a detectorRecall
State what the curvature of a particle track tells youRecall
Explain why a particle track spirals inwardsRecall
Conservation lawsSpot the error

ElectricityYear 1243 cards

Electric currentDefine
Potential differenceDefine
ResistanceDefine
The coulombDefine
State the drift speed equationRecall
State the typical electron drift speed in a copper wireRecall
Explain why a lamp lights instantly despite slow electron driftRecall
Current, charge and the direction problemSpot the error
Ohm's lawDefine
Semiconductor diodeDefine
Threshold voltage of a diodeDefine
State the resistance of an ideal ammeter and an ideal voltmeterRecall
Explain how to read resistance from an I-V characteristicRecall
State the shape of a filament lamp I-V characteristicRecall
Current-voltage characteristicsSpot the error
ResistivityDefine
SuperconductorDefine
Thermistor (NTC)Define
State the unit of resistivityRecall
State the effect of doubling a wire's diameter on its resistanceRecall
Explain why a metal's resistance rises when heatedRecall
State the applications of superconductorsRecall
Explain why an LDR's resistance falls in brighter lightRecall
Resistivity and superconductivitySpot the error
Kirchhoff's first lawDefine
Kirchhoff's second lawDefine
State the combined resistance of resistors in parallelRecall
State the three forms of electrical powerRecall
Electrical energy transferred in time tEquation
Circuits and Kirchhoff's lawsSpot the error
Explain why series resistors share the supply pd in the ratio of their resistancesRecall
State the range of a potential divider outputRecall
State the assumption behind the potential divider equationRecall
Light-dependent resistor (LDR)Define
State how the potential varies along a uniform current-carrying wireRecall
Potential divider outputEquation
Potential dividersSpot the error
Electromotive forceDefine
Internal resistanceDefine
Terminal potential differenceDefine
Explain how to find emf and internal resistance from a V-I graphRecall
State the short-circuit current of a cellRecall
EMF and internal resistanceSpot the error

Periodic motionYear 1326 cards

The radianDefine
Angular speedDefine
State the direction of the centripetal accelerationRecall
State what provides the centripetal forceRecall
State the path of an object when the centripetal force is removedRecall
State how the centripetal acceleration formula is derived from a vector diagramRecall
Circular motionSpot the error
Simple harmonic motionDefine
State where the speed in SHM is greatestRecall
State where the acceleration in SHM is greatestRecall
State the phase of velocity relative to displacement in SHMRecall
Simple harmonic motionSpot the error
DampingDefine
State the condition for a simple pendulum to move with SHMRecall
State the frequency of the energy variation in SHMRecall
State the effect of light damping on the periodRecall
State the total energy of a simple harmonic oscillatorRecall
SHM systems: pendulums and springsSpot the error
Natural frequencyDefine
ResonanceDefine
State the energy transfer at resonanceRecall
State the frequency of forced vibrationsRecall
State the effect of increased damping on the resonance curveRecall
State the phase lag of a driven oscillator at its natural frequencyRecall
Explain how plastic deformation reduces the amplitude of an oscillationRecall
Forced vibrations and resonanceSpot the error

Thermal physicsYear 1325 cards

Internal energyDefine
Specific heat capacityDefine
Specific latent heatDefine
State the two ways to increase the internal energy of a systemRecall
Explain why temperature is constant during a change of stateRecall
State the purpose of the two flow rates in the continuous-flow methodRecall
Describe the arrangement and motion of particles in a solidDefine
Describe the arrangement and motion of particles in a liquidDefine
Describe the arrangement and motion of particles in a gasDefine
Thermal energy transfer and specific heat capacitySpot the error
Absolute zeroDefine
State absolute zero in degrees CelsiusRecall
Boyle's lawDefine
Charles's lawDefine
The Avogadro constantDefine
Ideal gasDefine
Work done by a gas at constant pressureEquation
Ideal gases and the gas lawsSpot the error
Brownian motionDefine
State the evidence from Brownian motionRecall
Root mean square speedDefine
State what determines the average kinetic energy of a gas moleculeRecall
State the internal energy of an ideal gasRecall
Describe the smoke cell demonstration of Brownian motionDefine
Molecular kinetic theorySpot the error

Gravitational fieldsYear 1328 cards

Force fieldDefine
State the origins of the three force fieldsRecall
State what field-line spacing showsRecall
State the appearance of a uniform field on a field-line diagramRecall
The field conceptSpot the error
Gravitational field strengthDefine
Newton's law of gravitationDefine
State where r is measured from in the inverse square lawRecall
State the effect on g of doubling the distance from the centreRecall
Newton's law of gravitationSpot the error
Gravitational potentialDefine
State the sign of gravitational potentialRecall
State the equation for gravitational potential in a radial fieldRecall
State how to find gravitational field strength from a V against r graphRecall
State how to find the change in potential from a g-r graphRecall
Gravitational potentialSpot the error
Geostationary orbitDefine
State the defining property of a geostationary satelliteRecall
Escape velocityDefine
Kepler's third law for circular orbitsDefine
State the radius of the geostationary orbitRecall
State the effect of dropping to a lower orbit on a satelliteRecall
State Kepler's first two laws of planetary motionRecall
Explain why a planet moves fastest at perihelionRecall
Orbit condition: gravity as the centripetal forceEquation
Kepler's third law, from NewtonEquation
Escape velocityEquation
Orbits and satellitesSpot the error

Electric fieldsYear 1316 cards

CapacitanceYear 1322 cards

Magnetic fieldsYear 1346 cards

Magnetic flux densityDefine
Fleming's left hand ruleDefine
State the condition for zero force on a current-carrying wireRecall
State the general force on a current-carrying wire, with the angle definedRecall
Describe the magnetic field pattern of a flat circular coilDefine
State the diagram symbols for field into and out of the pageRecall
Magnetic flux density and the force on a wireSpot the error
State the magnetic force on a moving charge, with its conditionRecall
State the condition for zero magnetic force on a charged particleRecall
State the speed selected by a velocity selectorRecall
State the period of a charge circling in a magnetic fieldRecall
State the general magnetic force on a moving charge, with the angle definedRecall
Radius of a charge's circular path in a fieldEquation
Force on a moving chargeSpot the error
Magnetic fluxDefine
Flux linkageDefine
State the unit of flux linkageRecall
The weberDefine
State what a search coil's oscilloscope amplitude showsRecall
Magnetic flux and flux linkageSpot the error
Faraday's lawDefine
Lenz's lawDefine
State the emf across a conductor moving through a magnetic fieldRecall
Explain why Lenz's law follows from energy conservationRecall
State the unit of rate of change of flux linkageRecall
Electromagnetic induction: Faraday and LenzSpot the error
Root-mean-square valueDefine
Peak-to-peak valueDefine
State how mean power compares with peak power in a resistorRecall
State the condition for the root-two rms relationsRecall
State what the oscilloscope timebase setsRecall
Alternating currentsSpot the error
RectificationDefine
Half-wave rectificationDefine
Full-wave rectificationDefine
SmoothingDefine
Reservoir capacitorDefine
RippleDefine
State the condition for effective smoothingRecall
State the time between peaks of a full-wave rectified 50 Hz supplyRecall
Rectification and smoothingSpot the error
Explain why a transformer needs acRecall
Eddy currentsDefine
State the purpose of laminating a transformer coreRecall
Explain why grid transmission uses high voltageRecall
TransformersSpot the error

Nuclear physicsYear 1347 cards

State the absorber that stops beta radiationRecall
Inverse-square law for gammaDefine
Explain how to correct a count rate for backgroundRecall
State how lead absorbs gamma radiationRecall
State the most ionising radiationRecall
State the composition, mass and charge of each radiationRecall
Rutherford scattering and the nuclear atomSpot the error
Half-lifeDefine
ActivityDefine
Decay constantDefine
Explain the random nature of radioactive decayRecall
State the half-life from the decay constantRecall
State the gradient of a ln N against t decay graphRecall
Explain the half-life trade-off for a medical tracerRecall
State the experimental evidence that radioactive decay is randomRecall
Activity falling with timeEquation
Radioactive decay and half-lifeSpot the error
State the constant in the nuclear radius equationRecall
State the closest-approach energy conditionRecall
Explain why electrons are used to measure nuclear radiiRecall
State the electron diffraction feature that fixes the nuclear radiusRecall
Closest approach: the alpha's kinetic energyEquation
Nuclear density from R₀Equation
Nuclear radius and densitySpot the error
Binding energyDefine
State how to find binding energy from mass defectRecall
Mass defectDefine
State the energy equivalent of 1 uRecall
Atomic mass unitDefine
State where the binding energy per nucleon curve peaksRecall
State the quantity used to compare nuclear stabilityRecall
Mass-energy and binding energySpot the error
Critical massDefine
Induced fissionDefine
State the products of induced fissionRecall
State the energy released per fission of uranium-235Recall
Explain why fusion needs very high temperaturesRecall
State how to find reaction energy from nuclear massesRecall
Fission and fusionSpot the error
ModeratorDefine
Thermal neutronDefine
Control rodsDefine
CoolantDefine
Explain the emergency shut-down of a reactorRecall
State the first stage of spent fuel storageRecall
Neutron energy kept in an elastic moderator collisionEquation
Nuclear reactors and safetySpot the error

ElectronicsYear 1334 cards

Threshold voltageDefine
Zener diodeDefine
PhotodiodeDefine
Hall voltageDefine
Current in a zener regulator's series resistorEquation
Discrete semiconductor devicesSpot the error
Resonance in an LC circuitDefine
Bandwidth of a resonant circuitDefine
Q factorDefine
Cut-off frequency of an RC filterDefine
Cut-off frequency of an RC filterEquation
Resonant circuits and filtersSpot the error
Ideal operational amplifierDefine
SaturationDefine
Virtual earthDefine
Gain-bandwidth productDefine
Gain-bandwidth productEquation
Operational amplifiersSpot the error
Explain why the currents add at the virtual earthRecall
State the summing amplifier equationRecall
Common-mode signalDefine
Explain what happens when an amplifier saturatesRecall
Summing and difference amplifiersSpot the error
Explain what regeneration does that amplification cannotRecall
EOR gateDefine
Half-adderDefine
D-type flip-flopDefine
Frequency after n dividing stagesEquation
Digital signal processingSpot the error
ModulationDefine
SidebandDefine
State the sampling ruleRecall
Time-division multiplexingDefine
Data communicationSpot the error

Engineering physicsYear 1321 cards

Angular velocityDefine
Moment of inertiaDefine
State how the distribution of mass changes the moment of inertiaRecall
Explain why a flywheel carries its mass at the rimRecall
Acceleration along the arc at radius rEquation
Rotational motion and moment of inertiaSpot the error
TorqueDefine
Angular momentumDefine
State the principle of conservation of angular momentumRecall
Explain why a skater speeds up as she pulls her arms inRecall
Torque, angular momentum and rotational powerSpot the error
State the first law of thermodynamicsRecall
Isothermal changeDefine
Adiabatic changeDefine
State how work done is found from a p-V diagramRecall
The first law of thermodynamicsSpot the error
State the efficiency of a heat engineRecall
State the maximum theoretical efficiency of a heat engineRecall
Explain why no heat engine can be 100% efficientRecall
Indicated powerDefine
Heat engines and heat pumpsSpot the error

AstrophysicsYear 1368 cards

Angular magnificationDefine
Normal adjustmentDefine
Chromatic aberrationDefine
State the cure for spherical aberrationRecall
Telescopes and image formationSpot the error
Rayleigh criterionDefine
Quantum efficiencyDefine
State the quantum efficiency of a CCD and of the eyeRecall
Explain why X-ray telescopes use grazing incidenceRecall
Collecting power and objective diameterEquation
Telescopes across the spectrumSpot the error
Apparent magnitudeDefine
State the brightness factor for a difference of one magnitudeRecall
State the brightness factor for a difference of five magnitudesRecall
Absolute magnitudeDefine
ParsecDefine
State the parsec in light yearsRecall
Astronomical unitDefine
Light yearDefine
Distance modulusDefine
Parallax angleDefine
State the parallax equation and the units it needsRecall
Radiation flux from luminosity and distanceEquation
Star brightness and magnitudeSpot the error
Black bodyDefine
State what the black-body spectrum depends onRecall
State the spectral class orderRecall
State the unit of the Wien constantRecall
State the Balmer absorption conditionRecall
State where Balmer lines are strongestRecall
Black-body radiation and spectral classesSpot the error
Hertzsprung-Russell diagramDefine
State how the temperature axis runs on the HR diagramRecall
PlanetDefine
Planetary satelliteDefine
CometDefine
Solar systemDefine
GalaxyDefine
UniverseDefine
Chandrasekhar limitDefine
State the peak absolute magnitude of a type Ia supernovaRecall
Schwarzschild radiusDefine
State the properties of a neutron starRecall
Planetary nebulaDefine
State where the supergiants sit on the HR diagramRecall
Explain the evolution of a massive star after the main sequenceRecall
The HR diagram and stellar evolutionSpot the error
Red shiftDefine
Cosmic microwave backgroundDefine
State the origin of the cosmic microwave backgroundRecall
State what the CMB showsRecall
Hubble's lawDefine
State how to find the age of the universe from HRecall
State when z = v/c is validRecall
Explain the Big Bang evidence from element abundancesRecall
Cosmological principleDefine
State what the Big Bang means for space and timeRecall
State the main stages in the evolution of the universe after the Big BangRecall
Observed frequency from a source moving towards youEquation
The Doppler effect and Hubble's lawSpot the error
QuasarDefine
State the power output of a quasarRecall
Radial velocity methodDefine
Transit methodDefine
State the transit dip depthRecall
Explain how quasar size is found from variabilityRecall
State what the radial velocity wobble givesRecall
Quasars and exoplanetsSpot the error

Turning pointsYear 1333 cards

Specific charge of the electronDefine
State Thomson's specific charge resultRecall
Thermionic emissionDefine
State how to find the speed of electrons leaving an electron gunRecall
State what crossed fields add to the electron gunRecall
Cathode rays and the electronSpot the error
Explain how Millikan's droplets became chargedRecall
State the condition for a droplet falling at terminal speedRecall
Explain why the droplet is timed falling with the field offRecall
Millikan's oil drop experimentSpot the error
State the nature of an electromagnetic waveRecall
State Maxwell's formula for the speed of electromagnetic wavesRecall
Explain why Young's dark fringes rule out particlesRecall
State what Hertz's experiments showedRecall
The nature of lightSpot the error
The ultraviolet catastropheDefine
Planck's quantum hypothesisDefine
State the de Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated through pd VRecall
Quanta and wave-particle dualitySpot the error
Inertial frame of referenceDefine
State what the Michelson-Morley experiment set out to detectRecall
Explain why the interferometer was rotated through 90°Recall
First postulate of special relativityDefine
The Michelson-Morley experimentSpot the error
Proper timeDefine
Time dilationDefine
Rest massDefine
Proper lengthDefine
Length contractionDefine
State the evidence for time dilationRecall
Bertozzi's experimentDefine
Kinetic energy at a relativistic speedEquation
The consequences of special relativitySpot the error

Medical physicsYear 1373 cards

Acoustic impedanceDefine
State what determines the fraction of a pulse reflected at a boundaryRecall
Coupling gelDefine
State how to find the depth of a boundary from a pulse-echo timeRecall
Piezoelectric effectDefine
State the unit of acoustic impedanceRecall
Explain the frequency trade-off in ultrasoundRecall
State the attenuation law for ultrasound in tissueRecall
Explain why the Doppler shift from flowing blood is doubledRecall
State what the angle θ is measured between in Doppler ultrasoundRecall
State the two limits on the detail a pulse-echo scan can resolveRecall
Depth of a boundary from its echo timeEquation
Ultrasound imagingSpot the error
Attenuation coefficientDefine
Explain the X-ray contrast of boneRecall
State the maximum X-ray photon energyRecall
Explain the different effects of tube voltage and tube currentRecall
Half-value thicknessDefine
Explain pair production as an attenuation mechanismRecall
Maximum photon energy from the tube voltageEquation
X-rays and CT scanningSpot the error
TracerDefine
State what radionuclide imaging showsRecall
Coincidence detectionDefine
State what a coincidence pair locatesRecall
State the energy of each PET annihilation photonRecall
Explain why annihilation photons leave back to backRecall
State the half-life of technetium-99mRecall
State how to find the effective half-life of a tracerRecall
State what PET scanning is used to diagnoseRecall
Explain why a PET scanner is combined with a CT scannerRecall
Radionuclide imaging and PETSpot the error
AccommodationDefine
Near pointDefine
Far pointDefine
State the nature of the image on the retinaRecall
MyopiaDefine
HypermetropiaDefine
AstigmatismDefine
State the three parts of a prescription for astigmatismRecall
State the power of the lens that corrects myopiaRecall
Explain why cones resolve finer detail than rodsRecall
State the wavelength the eye is most sensitive to in bright lightRecall
FoveaDefine
The physics of the eyeSpot the error
IntensityDefine
Threshold of hearingDefine
Intensity levelDefine
Explain why sound is measured on a logarithmic scaleRecall
State the change in intensity level when the intensity is multiplied by tenRecall
Equal loudness curveDefine
Explain how an equal loudness curve is producedRecall
State where the ear is most sensitiveRecall
State what the dBA scale is forRecall
Explain how the middle ear raises the pressureRecall
State why the middle ear must raise the pressureRecall
Explain what noise damage or age does to the equal loudness curvesRecall
Intensity of a wave from its power and areaEquation
Relative intensity level of two soundsEquation
The physics of the earSpot the error
Resting potentialDefine
Action potentialDefine
DepolarisationDefine
Explain where the p.d. an ECG measures comes fromRecall
State the three requirements of an ECG amplifierRecall
State why conducting gel is used under an ECG electrodeRecall
State what the P wave representsRecall
State what the QRS complex representsRecall
State what the T wave representsRecall
Explain why the QRS complex is the largest deflectionRecall
Explain why the T wave is broader and lower than the QRS complexRecall
State how a heart rate is read from an ECG traceRecall
Biological measurementSpot the error